VIDA uses top-global AI biometric verification technology to help you automate the identity verification process using liveness detection and based on an authoritative identity data source. VIDA Regulatory Compliance Exceptional Features. With global top-ranked Face Recognition technology and legal identity database, enhance ... Liveness. A concurrent application's ability to execute in a timely manner is known as its liveness. This section describes the most common kind of liveness problem, deadlock, and goes on to briefly describe two other liveness problems, starvation and livelock. Liveness is the quality or state of being live, especially the reverberant quality of a room. Learn more about the word history, usage, and related terms of liveness from Merriam …Apr 4, 2024 · Exec probes are Liveness or Readiness probes specifically intended for VMs. These probes run a command inside the VM and determine the VM ready/live state based on its success. For running commands inside the VMs, the qemu-guest-agent package is used. A command supplied to an exec probe will be wrapped by virt-probe in the …See hostpath-with-livenessprobe.yaml for example how to use the liveness probe with a CSI driver. Notice that actual livenessProbe is set on the container with the CSI driver. This way, Kubernetes restarts the CSI driver container when the probe fails. The liveness probe sidecar container only provides the HTTP endpoint for the probe and does not contain …This page shows how to configure liveness, readiness and startup probes for containers. The kubelet uses liveness probes to know when to restart a container. … Liveness. A liveness property prescribes good things for every execution or, equivalently, describes something that must happen during an execution. The good thing need not be discrete—it might involve an infinite number of steps. Examples of a good thing used to define a liveness property include: Nov 15, 2023 · The new Face API liveness detection is a combination of mobile SDK and Azure AI service. It is conformant to ISO/IEC 30107-3 PAD (Presentation Attack Detection) standards as validated by iBeta level 1 and level 2 conformance testing. It successfully defends against a plethora of spoof types ranging from paper printouts, 2D/3D masks, and spoof ... Liveness is a noun that has four meanings in different fields, such as acoustics and computing. It is formed by derivation from live and -ness, and has been used since the 1890s. Learn more about its usage, pronunciation and origin from OED. Drawing together contributions from theatre, music, dance, and performance art, it takes an interdisciplinary approach in asking not what liveness is, but how it matters and to whom. The book invites readers to consider how liveness is produced through processes of audiencing - as spectators bring qualities of (a)liveness into being through the ...live 1 (lĭv) v. lived, liv·ing, lives v.intr. 1. To be alive; exist. 2. To continue to be alive: lived through a bad accident. 3. To support oneself; subsist: living on rice and fish; lives on a small inheritance. 4. To reside; dwell: lives on a farm. 5. To conduct one's life in a particular manner: lived frugally. 6. To pursue a positive, satisfying ...Oct 7, 1985 · Liveness properties Informally, a liveness property stipulates that a 'good thing' happens during execution [2]. Exam- This formalization differs slightly from the one proposed in [3]. Under Lamport's assumption that properties are pre- served under finite repetition of individual states ('stut- tering'), both definitions are equivalent [1]. Amazon Rekognition Face Liveness analyzes a short selfie video to detect spoofs presented to the camera, such as printed photos, digital photos, digital videos, or 3D masks, as well as spoofs that bypass the camera, such as pre-recorded or deepfake videos. Face Liveness is a fully managed feature that can be easily added to your React web ... Jan 27, 2024 · However, since Spring Boot 2.3.2, this property is deprecated due to configuration confusion. If we work with Spring Boot 2.3.2, we can use the new properties to enable liveness and readiness probes: management.endpoint.health.probes.enabled=true. management.health.livenessState.enabled=true. Liveness detection is a technique where an algorithm securely detects whether the source of a biometric sample comes from a fake representation or is a live human being. The biometric sample is a facial photo taken by a user. The algorithm is able to recognize a live person from presentation attacks, for example, masks, photos, or videos. 2 days ago · Liveness detection is used to defeat presentation attacks, a type of attack in which a fraudster uses a fake representation of a biometric input like a face. Though LD helps make biometric authentication more secure, it has its weaknesses, such as spoofing attacks from deepfake technology. Deepfakes can fool some types of liveness checks ...On the Traffic Management Domains page, select the domain for which you want to disable and re-enable a liveness test. The Edit Domain Settings page appears.. On the Properties tab, select the property to which you want to disable a liveness test. The review page for the selected property opens. Navigate to the Liveness Tests section. In the Test Name …We study liveness and model checking problems for broadcast networks, a system model of identical clients communicating via message passing. The first problem that we consider is Liveness Verification. It asks whether there is a computation such that one clients visits a final state infinitely often. The complexity of the problem has been open. It …5 days ago · Active Liveness detection. Users are required to respond to “challenges” such as head motions, smiling, and blinking, which takes time and effort. This method is more reliable and trustworthy than passive liveness, but we have seen a move from active solutions to today’s modern, passive liveness detection is being driven by the fact that ...Jun 1, 2023 · liveness探测将在容器启动后10秒钟开始，并每隔10 秒钟运行一次。failureThreshold属性表示最大连续失败次数为3次，successThreshold属性表示必须至少1次成功才能将容器视为“健康”。timeoutSeconds属性表示探测请求的超时时间为10秒 ...Yes, at the beginning the pod is working correctly so both checks are OK, but when you crash the application the port 3000 is not available anymore (I guess), and since both checks are configured to check that port you see both errors in the events. The readiness probe is called every 10 seconds and not only at startup.Mar 20, 2024 · Amazon Rekognition Face Liveness analyzes a short selfie video to detect spoofs presented to the camera, such as printed photos, digital photos, digital videos, or 3D masks, as well as spoofs that bypass the camera, such as pre-recorded or deepfake videos. Face Liveness is a fully managed feature that can be easily added to your React web ...In terms of Readiness, Liveness, and Startup probes they have an httpGet mechanism. They consider everything status codes 200-399 as passing and everything else as failing but they don't allow you to control which status codes are 'Success' and which ones are 'Failure'.Kubernetes offers two types of health checks: readiness and liveness, and both of them have their own purpose. In the context of this article will choose: /.well-known/live — for HTTP live probeEl liveness detection, también conocido como prueba de vida, es una tecnología vanguardista que garantiza la autenticidad y veracidad de una persona en un entorno …Scope: This document establishes terms and definitions in the field of biometric liveness detection and identifies characteristics of lifeless attacks and liveness detection methods, with analysis of lifeless attack instruments (LAIs). In addition, this document specifies liveness detection process and metrics. The following is outside of the scope of this …Jul 19, 2022 · Probes have a number of fields that can be used to more precisely control the behavior of liveness and readiness checks. initialDelaySeconds: Number of seconds after the container has started ... Liveness is the quality or state of being live, especially the reverberant quality of a room. Learn more about the word history, usage, and related terms of liveness from Merriam …Liveness detection for fingerprint impressions plays a role in the meaningful prevention of any unauthorized activity or phishing attempt. The accessibility of unique individual identification has increased the popularity of biometrics. Deep learning with computer vision has proven remarkable results in image classification, detection, and …Bowen ALPERN and Fred B.SCHNEIDER. Department of Computer Science, Cornell University, 405Upson Hall, Ithaca, NY14853, U.S.A. Communicated by David Gries Received 5 November 1984 Revised 20 February 1985. A formal definition forliveness properties isproposed. Itis argued that this definition captures th intuition that liveness …3. Proposed Method. For the end-to-end real-time solution for liveness detection on static images, we propose a solution similar to what was done in References [3,4].However, instead of using a preprocessing step (via Matlab code) for diffusing the images and feeding them to the deep CNN network, we provide an end-to-end solution …face liveness detection activate, the script asks the person to generate an action, for example one of the actions they may ask you to do is smile, turn your face to the right, get angry, blink, etc. The actions are requested randomly, after fulfilling all the actions it generates a message saying "liveness successful" or "liveness fail". Liveness. A liveness property prescribes good things for every execution or, equivalently, describes something that must happen during an execution. The good thing need not be discrete—it might involve an infinite number of steps. Examples of a good thing used to define a liveness property include: Jumio’s liveness detection simply requires the user to hold their mobile device at a natural angle. The solution then performs liveness and anti-spoofing detection using advanced selfie technology to ensure the user is real (not a photo, video or paper copy), is not wearing a mask and is physically present at the time of the detection.Nov 5, 2019 · Tara McPherson talks about the liveness of the Internet as residing primarily in our navigation of it, making it a kind of liveness that “foregrounds volition and mobility” (or at least creates the feeling that we are exercising mobility and volition). Active Liveness detection. Users are required to respond to “challenges” such as head motions, smiling, and blinking, which takes time and effort. This method is more reliable and trustworthy than passive liveness, but we have seen a move from active solutions to today’s modern, passive liveness detection is being driven by the fact that ... One of which, is Liveness Detection. The Turing Test could be described as a challenge which determines if a machine could be mistaken as human for a specific mode of interactions. In contrast, Liveness Detection is a test to uncover a machine that is pretending to be human. In 2019, Facebook terminated 5.4 billion fake accounts.Here’s how readiness and liveness state changes in terms of application lifecycle events in Spring: Registering listeners and initializers. Preparing the Environment. Preparing the ApplicationContext. Loading bean definitions. Changing the liveness state to CORRECT. Calling the application and command-line runners.If you rerun the liveness health check procedure by accessing the /q/health/live endpoint you can see that the new health check Health check with data is present in the checks array. This check contains a new attribute called data which is a JSON object consisting of the properties we have defined in our health check procedure. Liveness. The notion of liveness is fundamental for the detection and avoidance of deadlocks. A transition t is live with respect to a marking μ 0 if for each μ ∈ R ( N, μ 0) there exists a firing sequence σ such that μ enables t. A net system is live with respect to the initial marking if every transition is live. Modifying a liveness/readiness probe on a running instance. If you’d like to modify the values for the liveness or readiness probes, you can either: 1 ) Go to the Operations center and click the gear for a specific managed controller, and under the Configure page, you can change the values: 2 ) You can also directly edit the statefulset ... The preceding liveness probe indicates that the probe checks containers immediately after they are started. If a container does not respond within one second, the check is recorded as failed. The health check is performed every 10 seconds. If the check fails for three consecutive times, the container is restarted. Amazon Rekognition Liveness Detection in Angular. AWS recently launched the Amazon Rekognition Face Liveness feature. This new feature helps deter fraud in facial verification. With AWS Amplify you could easily plug Face liveness detection on your Android/IOS/Browser. It currently supports the below frameworks:Liveness check enable: if it is set to yes, empty informational messages will be sent out after a time of inactivity. Liveness check or DPD for IKEv2 cannot be disabled on the PA-FW as per design. Resolution. IKEv2 tunnel going down due to DPD is an indication of connectivity issues between the VPN peers.One of which, is Liveness Detection. The Turing Test could be described as a challenge which determines if a machine could be mistaken as human for a specific mode of interactions. In contrast, Liveness Detection is a test to uncover a machine that is pretending to be human. In 2019, Facebook terminated 5.4 billion fake accounts.But, my need is to fetch some deployment/runtime details from k8s. for ex; in our deployment we have 3 web applications, kafka, couple of databases etc. Let us call those apps as ms-A, ms-B, ms-C. And say 2 instances of each are running. Assuming that liveness, readiness probes are configured, kubernetes now has that information.Jun 8, 2023 · Kubernetes uses liveness probes to determine when to restart a container. Readiness probes determine whether a container can receive traffic. These probes can be used to delay sending traffic to a new instance until an application has completed tasks. Startup probes detect when an application inside a container finishes its initialization. Oct 5, 2023 · Liveness detection is the process of confirming that biometric data, such as fingerprints, facial images, or iris scans, originates from a genuine, living person rather than a fraudulent attempt (“spoof” or “presentation attack”). It employs algorithms to analyze and validate the authenticity of biometric data, preventing unauthorized ... 3. Proposed Method. For the end-to-end real-time solution for liveness detection on static images, we propose a solution similar to what was done in References [3,4].However, instead of using a preprocessing step (via Matlab code) for diffusing the images and feeding them to the deep CNN network, we provide an end-to-end solution …Here liveness is like a chemical or a DNA trace, or like a form of noise or disinformation. Sanden refers to variegations of temporal liveness, spatial liveness, …Liveness Probe. A liveness probe checks if the container in which it is configured is still running. If the liveness probe fails, the kubelet kills the container, which will be subjected to its restart policy. Set a liveness check by configuring the template.spec.containers.livenessprobe stanza of a pod configuration. Readiness ProbeActive liveness checks involve prompting the user to perform specific actions, such as blinking, smiling, or moving their head, to ensure their physical presence during the authentication process. Passive liveness checks, on the other hand, utilize advanced algorithms to analyze subtle facial movements and detect signs of life without requiring …Liveness command. This deployment defines a livenessProbe that supports an exec liveness command that acts as the liveness check. If this command exits with a non-zero value, the container is killed and restarted, signaling the healthy file could not be found. If this command exits successfully with exit code 0, no action is taken. Liveness detection is a technique where an algorithm securely detects whether the source of a biometric sample comes from a fake representation or is a live human being. The biometric sample is a facial photo taken by a user. The algorithm is able to recognize a live person from presentation attacks, for example, masks, photos, or videos. Live-variable analysis. In compilers, live variable analysis (or simply liveness analysis) is a classic data-flow analysis to calculate the variables that are live at each point in the program. A variable is live at some point if it holds a value that may be needed in the future, or equivalently if its value may be read before the next time the ... But, my need is to fetch some deployment/runtime details from k8s. for ex; in our deployment we have 3 web applications, kafka, couple of databases etc. Let us call those apps as ms-A, ms-B, ms-C. And say 2 instances of each are running. Assuming that liveness, readiness probes are configured, kubernetes now has that information.face liveness detection activate, the script asks the person to generate an action, for example one of the actions they may ask you to do is smile, turn your face to the right, get angry, blink, etc. The actions are requested randomly, after fulfilling all the actions it generates a message saying "liveness successful" or "liveness fail".Jan 27, 2024 · Here’s how readiness and liveness state changes in terms of application lifecycle events in Spring: Registering listeners and initializers. Preparing the Environment. Preparing the ApplicationContext. Loading bean definitions. Changing the liveness state to CORRECT. Calling the application and command-line runners.Drawing together contributions from theatre, music, dance, and performance art, it takes an interdisciplinary approach in asking not what liveness is, but how it matters and to whom. The book invites readers to consider how liveness is produced through processes of audiencing - as spectators bring qualities of (a)liveness into being through the ... Live-variable analysis. In compilers, live variable analysis (or simply liveness analysis) is a classic data-flow analysis to calculate the variables that are live at each point in the program. A variable is live at some point if it holds a value that may be needed in the future, or equivalently if its value may be read before the next time the ... Feb 6, 2024 · Kubernetes continuously monitors the health of containers inside the pods using the livenessProbe and the readinessProbe. The livenessProbe serves as a diagnostic check to confirm if the container is alive. On the other hand, readinessProbe ensures that the container is healthy to serve incoming traffic. When the livenessProbe fails, Kubernetes ... Active Liveness detection. Users are required to respond to “challenges” such as head motions, smiling, and blinking, which takes time and effort. This method is more reliable and trustworthy than passive liveness, but we have seen a move from active solutions to today’s modern, passive liveness detection is being driven by the fact that ... Books. Liveness: Performance in a Mediatized Culture. Philip Auslander. Psychology Press, 1999 - Art - 179 pages. In Liveness Philip Auslander addresses what may be the single most important question facing all kinds of performance today: What is the status of live performance in a culture dominated by mass media? By looking at specific ... Liveness detection is a technique where an algorithm securely detects whether the source of a biometric sample comes from a fake representation or is a live human being. The biometric sample is a facial photo taken by a user. The algorithm is able to recognize a live person from presentation attacks, for example, masks, photos, or videos. Jumio’s liveness detection simply requires the user to hold their mobile device at a natural angle. The solution then performs liveness and anti-spoofing detection using advanced selfie technology to ensure the user is real (not a photo, video or paper copy), is not wearing a mask and is physically present at the time of the detection.Jul 19, 2022 · Probes have a number of fields that can be used to more precisely control the behavior of liveness and readiness checks. initialDelaySeconds: Number of seconds after the container has started ...Apr 1, 2024 · For liveness detection, it can be concluded that CNN based method could be used to classify live and fake faces with a promising result. Therefore, in this study, a lightweight CNN liveness detection model that can be implemented on an attendance system using Raspberry Pi will be proposed. For the face detection and face recognition … Description. This volume brings together dynamic perspectives on the concept of liveness in the performing arts, engaging with the live through the particular analytical focus of audiences and experience. The status and significance of the live in performance has become contested: perceived as variously as a marker of ontological difference, a ... On the Traffic Management Domains page, select the domain for which you want to disable and re-enable a liveness test. The Edit Domain Settings page appears.. On the Properties tab, select the property to which you want to disable a liveness test. The review page for the selected property opens. Navigate to the Liveness Tests section. In the Test Name …Jan 22, 2024 · Creating a Liveness probe: Liveness probes are defined by a pod’s spec.containers.livenessProbe field. There are three types of actions kubelet performs on a pod, which are: Executes a command inside the container; Checks for a state of a particular port on the container; Performs a GET request on container’s IP; Define a liveness …Protect against identity spoofing by automatically comparing a selfie to the ID portrait with a 3-point composite and liveness checks. Get a demo. Try it now. Trusted by startups & the world’s largest companies. Verify users’ physical identity during onboarding. Implementing Oz Liveness detection from Oz Forensics has been a game-changer for us. The SaaS solution has enabled us to streamline our identity verification process, reducing manual workload and improving efficiency. We can now conduct 25,000 liveness verifications per month, which is a significant improvement from our previous manual process. On the Traffic Management Domains page, select the domain for which you want to disable and re-enable a liveness test. The Edit Domain Settings page appears.. On the Properties tab, select the property to which you want to disable a liveness test. The review page for the selected property opens. Navigate to the Liveness Tests section. In the Test Name … Liveness, Reverberation Time, and Early Decay Time. Liveness or reverberation is the most recognizable acoustical parameter associated with concert halls. The reverberation time has been a useful metric since its discovery by Sabine. Although it is defined as the time required for the reverberant sound to decay 60 dB below the maximum, it is ... Liveness and safety are the two fundamental security concerns for a blockchain. Liveness is the availability of a finalizing chain. If the chain stops finalizing or users are not able to access it easily, those are liveness failures. Extremely high cost of access could also be considered a liveness failure.Liveness is a complex and contested term that traverses performance, media, and music studies. It refers to the co-presence of performers and spectators, but also to the ideology, technology, and ontology of performance in a changing media environment.Mar 11, 2019 · liveness.model: Our serialized Keras model which detects face liveness. plot.png : The training history plot shows accuracy and loss curves so we can assess our model (i.e. over/underfitting). liveness_demo.py : Our demonstration script will fire up your webcam to grab frames to conduct face liveness detection in real-time. FaceLivenessDetector contains an initial (start) view with instructions and information about the Face Liveness check for the end user. By default, the start view is shown before the Face Liveness check. The start view can … Oz Liveness is a leading facial recognition and authentication software used by private and public organizations across the globe to lower the risk of biometric fraud by preventing deepfake and spoofing attacks with 100% accuracy, validated by the industry’s most rigorous testing standard, ISO 30107 certification. Nov 30, 2023 · Liveness detection, also known as “proof of life,” is a technology that verifies the presence of a live person during the identity verification process. It ensures that the biometric data being captured, such as facial recognition or fingerprint, belongs to a genuine person and not a fraudulent replica or spoof.Liveness: Phelan, Auslander, and After. Daniel Meyer-Dinkgräfe (bio) Live-cast and recorded theatre (LCRT) such as National Theatre Live has expanded rapidly into a major industry since its launch in 2009. In academic terms, this development has been discussed predominantly in the context of audience demographics. Configure a Liveness Check. Configuring a Liveness Check in Connected Mode. Flex Gateway includes the following CLI command to test gateway health: flexctl probe --check=liveness. If the Flex Gateway instance is running normally, the command returns an exit code of 0. Otherwise, the gateway is unhealthy and the command returns a 1. Liveness detection algorithms rely on various methods to differentiate between live biometric data and spoofed sources. These methods can be categorized into three main types: 1. Behavioral Biometrics. Behavioral biometrics analyze human attributes and reactions that are difficult for fraudsters to mimic. For example, blinking, head …LIVELINESS definition: 1. the quality of being interesting and exciting: 2. the quality of being full of energy and…. Learn more.What does the noun liveness mean? There are four meanings listed in OED's entry for the noun liveness . See ‘Meaning & use’ for definitions, usage, and quotation evidence.LIVELINESS definition: 1. the quality of being interesting and exciting: 2. the quality of being full of energy and…. Learn more.Jan 22, 2024 · Creating a Liveness probe: Liveness probes are defined by a pod’s spec.containers.livenessProbe field. There are three types of actions kubelet performs on a pod, which are: Executes a command inside the container; Checks for a state of a particular port on the container; Performs a GET request on container’s IP; Define a liveness …Jul 19, 2022 · Probes have a number of fields that can be used to more precisely control the behavior of liveness and readiness checks. initialDelaySeconds: Number of seconds after the container has started ... Discover Liveness Detection: Protecting biometric authentication from presentation attacks. Learn how it works for secure verification. Explore the concept of …
His most recently published books are Performing Glam Rock: Gender and Theatricality in Popular Music and the second edition of Liveness: Performance in a Mediatized Culture. Auslander also writes about visual art, including reviews for ArtForum and other publications, and catalogue essays for museums and galleries in Europe, the …. Airlines san francisco to seattle
For liveness detection, it can be concluded that CNN based method could be used to classify live and fake faces with a promising result. Therefore, in this study, a lightweight CNN liveness detection model that can be implemented on an attendance system using Raspberry Pi will be proposed.Abstract. Television's liveness has long been seen as one of its key features. This paper argues that “liveness” is not a textual feature, but a more fundamental category (in Durkheim's sense) that contributes to underlying conceptions of how media are involved in social organization through their provision of privileged access to central social “realities.” Liveness is a noun that has four meanings in different fields, such as acoustics and computing. It is formed by derivation from live and -ness, and has been used since the 1890s. Learn more about its usage, pronunciation and origin from OED. 爱词霸权威在线词典,为您提供liveness的中文意思,liveness的用法讲解,liveness的读音,liveness的同义词,liveness的反义词,liveness 的例句等英语服务。首页 翻译 背单词 写作校对 词霸下载 用户反馈 专栏平台 登录 liveness是什么意思_liveness用英语怎么说 ...Liveness properties are closed under arbitrary unions, but not under intersections. • ⊤ is the only property which is both a safety and a liveness property. • For any property φ there exists a safety property φs and a liveness property φ L such that φ = (φ S ∩ φ L).We study liveness and model checking problems for broadcast networks, a system model of identical clients communicating via message passing. The first problem that we consider is Liveness Verification. It asks whether there is a computation such that one clients visits a final state infinitely often. The complexity of the problem has been open. It …Oct 5, 2023 · Liveness detection is the process of confirming that biometric data, such as fingerprints, facial images, or iris scans, originates from a genuine, living person rather than a fraudulent attempt (“spoof” or “presentation attack”). It employs algorithms to analyze and validate the authenticity of biometric data, preventing unauthorized ...In compilers, live variable analysis (or simply liveness analysis) is a classic data-flow analysis to calculate the variables that are live at each point in the program. A variable is …For liveness detection, it can be concluded that CNN based method could be used to classify live and fake faces with a promising result. Therefore, in this study, a lightweight CNN liveness detection model that can be implemented on an attendance system using Raspberry Pi will be proposed.Liveness tests used by banks and other institutions to remotely verify users’ ID can be easily beaten by deepfake attacks, a new report from security firm Sensity demonstrates. Deepfakes can be ...Liveness Probe TCP Socket is a part of Kubernetes, thanks to which you can control the health of the pods. If it is possible to open in the container, the specified port of the container can be considered healthy, otherwise, the status failure will be returned. In this article, I will show you an example of using Kubernetes Liveness Probe TCP ... Liveness detection is a technique where an algorithm securely detects whether the source of a biometric sample comes from a fake representation or is a live human being. The biometric sample is a facial photo taken by a user. The algorithm is able to recognize a live person from presentation attacks, for example, masks, photos, or videos. 6 days ago · After the liveness probe is configured, and any startup probe is successful, Cloud Run makes a health check request to the service. If a liveness probe does not succeed within the specified time (failureThreshold * periodSeconds), the container is shut down using a SIGKILL signal. After the container is shut down, Cloud Run autoscaling starts ... Liveness is a noun that has four meanings in different fields, such as acoustics and computing. It is formed by derivation from live and -ness, and has been used since the 1890s. Learn more about its usage, pronunciation and origin from OED. Nov 13, 2023 · What is Kubernetes Liveness Probe. Liveness probes are a mechanism provided by Kubernetes which helps determine if applications running within containers are operational. This can help improve resilience and availability for Kubernetes pods. By default, Kubernetes controllers check if a pod is running, and if not, restart it according to ….