UNITAR’s network of affiliated “CIFAL” centres is an instrumental platform dedicated to providing training and learning opportunities to a wide range of stakeholders, with special emphasis on local authorities and civil society leaders. Offering cutting-edge learning and training to close to 90,000 beneficiaries per yearHistory. The idea of a UN training and research institute was mentioned for the first time in a 1962 resolution of the UN General Assembly ( resolution 1827 (XVII) of 18 December 1962 ). The founding of UNITAR in 1963 followed the recommendation of the Economic and Social Council to the General Assembly, which commissioned the Secretary-General ...How to register for an event: 5 steps and you are done! Select and confirm event (s) Select an event by clicking on his title, which will take you to the event detail page. Click on “Sign up” button to register on the event. If you already had selected events you can view your shopping cart link on the right top corner of the page. This Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) is a self-paced course developed by the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UN DESA), United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR) and the School of International and Public Affairs (SIPA) at Columbia University. The course is based on the UN publication “Managing ... Over the past 20 years, disasters have affected billions of people, caused USD$ trillions of damage, and killed millions of people. Disasters have affected people living in developing countries and, in particular, the most vulnerable communities within these countries. Particularly in the context of increased urbanization, the urban risk continues to rise. The …9 February 2023, Hiroshima, Japan – UNITAR Division for Prosperity/Hiroshima Office will resume its in-person Nuclear Disarmament and Non-Proliferation (NDNP) Training Programme in Hiroshima, Japan. The UNITAR programme gives diplomats detailed insights into the protocols and procedures of disarmament and non-proliferation conferences – …UOC-UNITAR Online Master in International Affairs and Diplomacy [Master’s Degree in Lifelong Learning]: € 7,410.00. UOC-UNITAR Online Specialization Diplomas: € 3,810.00. UOC-UNITAR Online Expert Diplomas: € 1,975.00.Welcome to the Waste management course! In this session you will be introduced to the challenges of waste and the concept of circular economy. The course information is based on the latest reports on waste management and circular economy, as well as relevant country case studies. The methodological part builds on UNITAR’s Guidance Series for …6 November 2023, Geneva, Switzerland - To mark UNITAR's 60th anniversary, a gala concert entitled “Music from all corners of the world for peace and our planet” will take place on Thursday, 16 November 2023 at 19:30, at the Conservatoire de Musique de Genève. This gala concert pays tribute to our commitment to empower individuals and …The Master in Anti-Corruption and Diplomacy (MACD) is a modular postgraduate academic degree programme delivered over 18 months, in a mixture of campus-based and online (live interaction), jointly by UNITAR and the International Anti-Corruption Academy (IACA). Designed as an in-career programme, MACD has a compact structure and covers two …Upon completing the UNITAR component, students will join a project team from a UN agency, working hands-on on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The program immerses students in culturally diverse environments, fostering skills in multi-stakeholder collaboration on an international scale. It challenges them to devise practical ...The United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR) was established in 1963 as an autonomous body within the United Nations with the purpose of enhancing the effectiveness of the work of the UN and its member states. Deadline: 2 Jan 2025.3 August 2023, Hiroshima, Japan – Women and youth in Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe are invited to apply to the UNITAR programme Developing Green Livelihoods for Women and Youth in Africa: Strengthening Food Security, Supporting Climate-Resilient Economies. Over six months, participants will learn entrepreneurial and digital skills so they …UNITAR’s procurement is carried out in accordance with the United Nations Financial Regulations and Rules, the General Conditions of Contracts for the Provision of Goods or Services and the UN Supplier Code of Conduct. These guidelines are governed by the Principles of Best Value for Money, Transparency, Integrity, Effective International ...Learning Solutions. Vision. We support institutions to effectively contribute to the SDGs through building capacities, changing behaviours and transforming mindsets. Mission. Using our extensive toolbox and expertise in learning, facilitation and process design methodologies, we co-create tailor-made solutions for the specific needs of our ...All communities are at risk of emergencies and disasters, including those associated with natural hazards, infectious disease outbreaks, conflicts, technological and other hazards. Particularly in the context of increased urbanization and climate change, frequency, severity and impact of those events are crucial. The health, economic, political and societal … UNITAR International University is the first virtual university in Southeast Asia and the first institution in Asia to be awarded a QS 5-Star Rating for online education. Hence, we offer both conventional and online study courses in Malaysia, which include an established range of undergraduate and postgraduate programmes. UOC - UNITAR Online Specialization Diploma in Multilateral Diplomacy and International Institutions – Full-Time (October 2024) 16 Oct 2024 - 18 Jul 2025. Web-based. By application & selection. E-learning. English.On-Demand Bachelor’s Degree Programmes. Our bachelor’s degree courses in Malaysia provide the opportunity to specialise in popular fields of study such as business administration, accounting, communication studies, education, finance, information technology and psychology, to name a few. UNITAR’s undergraduate degree courses …The United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR) was established in 1963 as an autonomous body within the United Nations with the purpose of enhancing the effectiveness of the work of the UN and its member states. UNITAR designs and conducts close to 500 different training and knowledge sharing events per year for some 50,000 …The United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR) was established in 1963 as an autonomous body within the United Nations with the purpose of enhancing the effectiveness of the work of the UN and its member states. UNITAR designs and conducts close to 500 different training and knowledge sharing events per year for some 50,000 beneficiaries worldwide. … Drawing on UNITAR’s experience of training leaders for 60 years, the Core Diplomatic Training provides participants with a practical understanding of diplomatic know-how. It equips candidates with the skills and knowledge they need to perform outstandingly and deliver the best results possible. Eligible participants may be junior to senior ... The e-Learning course “Nanomaterials Safety” provides interested stakeholders an introduction to the sound management of manufactured nanomaterials. Nanomaterials have a range of novel properties enabling many new, useful applications in areas such as medicine, environment, energy production and material technology. However, the special properties of nanomaterials …The United Nations Institute for Training and Research's (UNITAR) Online Certificate on International Law and the UN system offers a unique opportunity for both students wanting to pursue a career in international law or international relations, and professionals working in international and regional organizations as well as governmental and non …As part of UNITAR’s Division for Multilateral Diplomacy, the International Law Programme works to enhance the capacities of diplomats, public officials, delegates, professionals, students, and other stakeholders on various topics related to International Law. The programme offers a wide range of training activities from Master programmes offered jointly with other Institutions, to … The United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR) is a principal training arm of the United Nations, working in every region of the world. UNOSAT engages in damage assessment over Hait. In a change of focus determined by the conclusion of search and rescue operations in Haiti, UNOSAT closed its Rapid Mapping activation and embarked at the request of UNDP on a comprehensive damage assessment analysis over Port-au-Prince and neighbouring cities. The analysis, which builds also on ...UNITAR New York Office (NYO) has developed through the Global Foundation for Performing Arts a Cultural and Soft Diplomacy programme for 2023-2024. Two Carnegie Hall concerts in 2021 and 2022, honoring the work of the President of the General Assembly, the diplomatic and the UN Staff communities. Education programs in music to …The expansion of international trade, particularly in recent decades, has spawned a large number and type of international disputes. Resolving those disputes without agreed procedures for doing so, can prove to be time-consuming, frustrating and even pointless. Arbitration, a form of alternative dispute resolution (ADR), is a legal technique for the …UNITAR is the only United Nations entity with a presence in the symbolic city of Hiroshima. Established in 2003, our Hiroshima Office is part of the UNITAR Division for Prosperity and develops and delivers needs-based training in …UNITAR hosts a gala concert entitled “Music from all corners of the world for peace and our planet” to conclude its 60th anniversary year. Come and join the opening ceremony of the UNITAR 60th anniversary photo exhibition on the 6th of October 2023. Delivering concrete actions for SDG 7 “Affordable and clean energy” in displacement ... The Master in Conflict, Peace and Security is awarded upon the completion of 60 ECTS. The Master in Conflict, Peace and Security is a UOC Certified Master’s Degree, awarded according to the rules and regulations set by the Spanish education system. Giving its specificity, it does not give general access to Doctoral studies (PhD and similar). Bachelor of Information Technology Honours | UNITAR Malaysia. Bachelor of Information Technology (Hons) Bachelor Degree. 9 Semesters / 3 Years. Ipoh | Kuala Lumpur and Petaling Jaya (Main) 100% PTPTN Available. From. RM 1,250.00per month. RM 45,000.00 total tuition fee.The United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR) was established in 1963 as an autonomous body within the United Nations with the purpose of enhancing the effectiveness of the work of the UN and its member states. Deadline: 2 Jan 2025.UNITAR will verify your alumni status and, upon confirmation of the latter, apply the discount. Technical Requirements. UNITAR recommends the following as a minimum in hardware and software to take our e-Learning courses. Please consult your Network Administrator or Systems person to ensure that you have the following:On-Demand Bachelor’s Degree Programmes. Our bachelor’s degree courses in Malaysia provide the opportunity to specialise in popular fields of study such as business administration, accounting, communication studies, education, finance, information technology and psychology, to name a few. UNITAR’s undergraduate degree courses … Nikhil Seth. United Nations Assistant Secretary-General. UNITAR Executive Director. I am pleased to present the 2019 Results Report of the United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR). At UNITAR, we help Member States and other United Nations stakeholders implement the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development by providing modern ... UNITAR will verify your alumni status and, upon confirmation of the latter, apply the discount. Technical Requirements. UNITAR recommends the following as a minimum in hardware and software to take our e-Learning courses. Please consult your Network Administrator or Systems person to ensure that you have the following:UNITAR’s network of affiliated “CIFAL” centres is an instrumental platform dedicated to providing training and learning opportunities to a wide range of stakeholders, with special emphasis on local authorities and civil society leaders. Offering cutting-edge learning and training to close to 90,000 beneficiaries per year Open Online Courses. UN Photo/Loey Felipe. Our self-paced free online courses are a perfect choice for anyone willing to get familiar with the basic concepts and topics in the area of conflict, peace, and security. Courses are offered in different languages and can be taken at any time by following the links provided below. The United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR) and the Open University of Catalonia (UOC) have joined forces to create a unique International Master’s Degree in Conflictology for professionals working in the field of peace and security. This Master’s programme is designed to enable candidates to upgrade their studies and professional …Drawing on UNITAR’s experience of training leaders for over 50 years, the Core Diplomatic Training provides participants with a practical understanding of diplomatic know-how.It equips candidates with the skills and knowledge they need to perform outstandingly and deliver the best results possible.The Master’s in Anti-Corruption and Diplomacy is designed as an in-career programme targeted to those holding an undergraduate degree with a background in International Relations, Diplomacy, International Law, Anti-Corruption, or any related field. The programme will equally benefit professionals with existing experience from these fields.In addition to training and e-Learning courses, UNITAR provides the opportunity to gain knowledge through post-graduate courses. We partner with academic institutions such as the Open University of Catalonia, the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies and the University of Copenhagen to offer diplomas and certificates in areas …Welcome to the Make an Impact Webinar Series, a collection of free, online webinar events presented by the United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR) and the University for Peace (UPEACE), in the areas of Diplomacy (including Gender, Development, and International Careers), and International Law. Each session …UNITAR’s network of affiliated “CIFAL” centres is an instrumental platform dedicated to providing training and learning opportunities to a wide range of stakeholders, with special emphasis on local authorities and civil society leaders. Offering cutting-edge learning and training to close to 90,000 beneficiaries per yearWelcome to the Waste management course! In this session you will be introduced to the challenges of waste and the concept of circular economy. The course information is based on the latest reports on waste management and circular economy, as well as relevant country case studies. The methodological part builds on UNITAR’s Guidance Series for …The United Nations Immersion Programme - Premium Package consists of two parts: (i) a 4-week preparatory e-Learning course, followed by (ii) a 5-day field visit to Geneva. i) e-Learning course (22 April - 17 May 2024) The e-learning course will be implemented on UNITAR's e-Learning platform. It comprises 4 different modules, can be studied in a ...The expansion of international trade, particularly in recent decades, has spawned a large number and type of international disputes. Resolving those disputes without agreed procedures for doing so, can prove to be time-consuming, frustrating and even pointless. Arbitration, a form of alternative dispute resolution (ADR), is a legal technique for the …6 February 2023, Geneva, Switzerland – On Monday 6 February 2023, two major earthquakes struck Türkiye and Syria in the early hours of the day. The UNOSAT Emergency Mapping service is activated. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Master's Programmes. In addition to training and e-Learning courses, UNITAR provides the opportunity to gain knowledge through post-graduate courses. UNITAR partners with … The United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR) is a dedicated training arm of the United Nations, serving more than 370,000 beneficiaries annually by conducting close to 1000 ... BFEI EXPERT COMMITTEE MEMBERS. The primary purpose of the UNITAR Division for People Specialized Expert Committee on Breastfeeding is to provide expert knowledge and technical guidance as well as adequate support to UNITAR’s Breastfeeding Education Initiative.The Expert Committee, composed of 18 leading experts from around the world, …The course enables learners to familiarize themselves with the rationale and core concepts guiding an inclusive green economy. It discusses both opportunities and challenges at global and national level to achieve low-carbon, resource efficient and …Fast track your career with a UNITAR qualification REQUEST INFO Why UNITAR? AWARDS & RECOGNITIONConsistently recognised as one of the leading institutions in the Education & Learning category as voted by the people in Putra Brand Awards. Accredited by Accreditation Service for International Schools, Colleges and Universities (ASIC) for Quality…Jun 1, 2020 · UNITAR Headquarters have moved to the below address effective 1 June 2020. UNITAR, 7 bis, Avenue de la Paix, CH-1202 Geneva 2, Switzerland T: +41 22 917 8400 | email: [email protected] This Advanced course builds upon the introductory course Introduction to Sustainable Development in Practice. It teaches learners HOW to apply in practice an integrated approach to sustainable development throughout the various stages of the policy and project cycle, including analysis, dialogue, planning, financing, communicating, …3 August 2023, Hiroshima, Japan – Women and youth in Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe are invited to apply to the UNITAR programme Developing Green Livelihoods for Women and Youth in Africa: Strengthening Food Security, Supporting Climate-Resilient Economies. Over six months, participants will learn entrepreneurial and digital skills so they …8 March 2021, Thika, Kenya – To further advance the implementation of the Agenda for Sustainable Development and particularly Goals 4 of Quality Education, 16 of Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions and 17 of Partnerships for Development, the United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR) has entered a new strategic partnership with Mount Kenya …The One UN Climate Change Learning Partnership (UN CC:Learn) is a collaborative initiative of more than 30 multilateral organizations supporting countries to design and implement systematic, recurrent and results-oriented climate change learning. The initiative was launched at the 2009 Copenhagen Climate Change Summit.History. The idea of a UN training and research institute was mentioned for the first time in a 1962 resolution of the UN General Assembly ( resolution 1827 (XVII) of 18 December 1962 ). The founding of UNITAR in 1963 followed the recommendation of the Economic and Social Council to the General Assembly, which commissioned the Secretary-General ...Corruption is a worldwide persistent challenge for individuals and societies. It turns different shapes and nuances by deepening inequalities, especially among the most vulnerable groups. It deters the full enjoyment of Human Rights as an obstacle to their effective promotion and protection while weakening the rule of law, eroding good governance, …UNITAR offers online and in-person courses on various topics related to the UN and international affairs. Browse the full catalogue of events by registration mode, delivery language, price and …The United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR) is a dedicated training arm of the United Nations. In 2021, UNITAR trained 370,139 learners around the world to support their actions for a better future. In addition to our headquarters in Geneva, we have offices in Hiroshima, New York, Bonn and various networks around the world.As a contribution to this endeavor, the Rule of Law and Anti-Corruption Centre (ROLACC) and the United Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR) have brought together their expertise and practical knowledge to collaboratively developed the e-learning course on “Anticorruption and Human Rights: Mainstreaming Anticorruption for the effective ...This interactive and practice-oriented course, originally developed in 2018 and comprehensively updated in 2021, covers the basics of Sustainable Finance while providing several opportunities to dive deeper. The course covers sustainable finance instruments, methodologies and frameworks for integrating sustainability into financial decisions, key …Over the past 20 years, disasters have affected billions of people, caused USD$ trillions of damage, and killed millions of people. Disasters have affected people living in developing countries and, in particular, the most vulnerable communities within these countries. Particularly in the context of increased urbanization, the urban risk continues to rise. The …9 February 2023, Hiroshima, Japan – UNITAR Division for Prosperity/Hiroshima Office will resume its in-person Nuclear Disarmament and Non-Proliferation (NDNP) Training Programme in Hiroshima, Japan. The UNITAR programme gives diplomats detailed insights into the protocols and procedures of disarmament and non-proliferation conferences – …Bachelor of Information Technology Honours | UNITAR Malaysia. Bachelor of Information Technology (Hons) Bachelor Degree. 9 Semesters / 3 Years. Ipoh | Kuala Lumpur and Petaling Jaya (Main) 100% PTPTN Available. From. RM 1,250.00per month. RM 45,000.00 total tuition fee.Upon completing the UNITAR component, students will join a project team from a UN agency, working hands-on on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The program immerses students in culturally diverse environments, fostering skills in multi-stakeholder collaboration on an international scale. It challenges them to devise practical ...CIFAL Bengaluru Delivers Leadership Training in India. 15 June 2017, Bengaluru, India – Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and addressing current challenges …According to the World Bank, more than 1.5 billion people live in countries affected by repeated violence. In absolute terms, the need for direct physical protection of civilians against imminent violence has never been greater than it is today. Local and international actors are struggling to protect all those under direct threat, wherever conflict occurs. A …This course introduces students to the guiding principles of the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and their application within organizations - public, private, and not-for-profit. Students are able to document an organizational strategic plan that addresses specific targets and formulates appropriate metrics to verify the impact of the goals.UNITAR offers courses and training that run throughout the year and are designed and only open for a specific target audience. Private events are often by invitation only and are reserved for a pre-determined group of participants. While the event is announced in the online catalogue for information purposes, no registrations or applications ...The United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR) provides innovative learning solutions to individuals, organizations and institutions to enhance global decision-making and support country-level action for shaping a better future. UNITAR is the only United Nations entity with a presence in the symbolic city of Hiroshima. Established in 2003, our Hiroshima Office is part of the UNITAR Division for Prosperity and develops and delivers needs-based training in support of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Established in 1965, UNITAR is an autonomous institution within the United Nations system with a mission to deliver innovative training and conduct research on knowledge systems to develop the capacities of its beneficiaries. As the training arm of the UN, its mission is to develop capacities to enhance global decision-making and to support country-level action for shaping a better future.The United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR) is a principal training arm of the United Nations, working in every region of the world. We empower individuals, governments and organizations through knowledge and learning to effectively overcome contemporary global challenges. UNITAR offers various training and capacity …Our mission is to promote evidence-based decision making for peace, security and resilience using geo-spatial information technologies. We provide United Nations funds, programmes and specialized agencies with satellite analysis, training and capacity development, at their request. We also support Member States with satellite imagery analysis ...UNITAR provided learning, training and knowledge-sharing services to 370,139 individuals in 2021, representing a 15% increase from 2020 figures of 322,410. Over half of the beneficiaries delivered is attributed to courses administered in partnership with agencies of the One UN Climate Change Learning Partnership (UN CC:Learn).The United Nations Institute for Training and Research's (UNITAR) Online Certificate on International Law and the UN system offers a unique opportunity for both students wanting to pursue a career in international law or international relations, and professionals working in international and regional organizations as well as governmental and non …On-Demand Bachelor’s Degree Programmes. Our bachelor’s degree courses in Malaysia provide the opportunity to specialise in popular fields of study such as business administration, accounting, communication studies, education, finance, information technology and psychology, to name a few. UNITAR’s undergraduate degree courses …16 February 2024, Doha, Qatar - From the 14th to the 16th of February 2024, the United Nations Institute for Training and Research, UNITAR, and the Global Organization of Parliamentarians against Corruption, GOPAC, successfully celebrated the Workshop “ Anticorruption and Human Rights ” Training for Parliamentarians. With the spirit of …
Open Online Courses. UN Photo/Loey Felipe. Our self-paced free online courses are a perfect choice for anyone willing to get familiar with the basic concepts and topics in the area of conflict, peace, and security. Courses are offered in different languages and can be taken at any time by following the links provided below. . The muse hotel nyc
In February 2020, UNITAR Division for Peace launched a roster of trainers to consolidate the best expertise and knowledge available globally in the fields of peacekeeping, peacebuilding, crisis management, and conflict … Using our extensive toolbox and expertise in learning, facilitation and process design methodologies, we co-create tailor-made solutions for the specific needs of our partners. Online Learning Solutions We leverage technology to design online and digital learning solutions. Organizational advisory services We support organisations by building ... This e-learning course is a self-paced course with individual 10 modules developed by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the United Nations Statistical Institute for Asia and the Pacific (UNSIAP), and the United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR). In September 2015, the United Nations Sustainable Development Summit …3 August 2023, Hiroshima, Japan – Women and youth in Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe are invited to apply to the UNITAR programme Developing Green Livelihoods for Women and Youth in Africa: Strengthening Food Security, Supporting Climate-Resilient Economies. Over six months, participants will learn entrepreneurial and digital skills so they … UNITAR and UOC have developed an extensive expertise in the delivery of online programmes. Using Internet as a medium, students, diplomas, practitioners and scholars are brought together in a unique virtual learning environment designed to valorize experiential and collaborative learning. UNITAR’s network of affiliated “CIFAL” centres is an instrumental platform dedicated to providing training and learning opportunities to a wide range of stakeholders, with special emphasis on local authorities and civil society leaders. Offering cutting-edge learning and training to close to 90,000 beneficiaries per yearDue to the steep increase in public concern for climate and the environment, social justice, and corporate governance, it has become increasingly important for governments to adopt legal and policy frameworks that recognise, promote, and impose ESG standards, monitoring, and reporting schemes. While developed countries are moving forward on …History. The idea of a UN training and research institute was mentioned for the first time in a 1962 resolution of the UN General Assembly ( resolution 1827 (XVII) of 18 December 1962 ). The founding of UNITAR in 1963 followed the recommendation of the Economic and Social Council to the General Assembly, which commissioned the Secretary-General ...UNITAR provided learning, training and knowledge-sharing services to 370,139 individuals in 2021, representing a 15% increase from 2020 figures of 322,410. Over half of the beneficiaries delivered is attributed to courses administered in partnership with agencies of the One UN Climate Change Learning Partnership (UN CC:Learn).UNITAR offers online and in-person courses on various topics related to the UN and international affairs. Browse the full catalogue of events by registration mode, delivery language, price and …UNITAR's Maritime Governance training projects empower port and ship management and personnel within both the public and private sectors to comprehend the risks associated with port operations and to develop effective strategies to mitigate those risks. In terms of safety, port governance training encompasses the implementation of preventive ...Welcome! The main objective of the international climate change regime established under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is to limit dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. Domestic legislation is the key to regulate, structure, and implement climate change actions to meet this objective. …According to the World Bank, more than 1.5 billion people live in countries affected by repeated violence. In absolute terms, the need for direct physical protection of civilians against imminent violence has never been greater than it is today. Local and international actors are struggling to protect all those under direct threat, wherever conflict occurs. A …The e-Learning course “Nanomaterials Safety” provides interested stakeholders an introduction to the sound management of manufactured nanomaterials. Nanomaterials have a range of novel properties enabling many new, useful applications in areas such as medicine, environment, energy production and material technology. However, the special properties of nanomaterials …As part of UNITAR’s Division for Multilateral Diplomacy, the International Law Programme works to enhance the capacities of diplomats, public officials, delegates, professionals, students, and other stakeholders on various topics related to International Law. The programme offers a wide range of training activities from Master programmes offered jointly with other Institutions, to ….