Concrete spalling repair - Spalling repairs the causes, identification and how it is repaired. Dafco, Spalling Repair Experts. Identification of Spalling. Spalling (Concrete Cancer) is most often identified by signs such as flaking (concrete spalling), rust stains that leach from the concrete, bulging of the concrete or in some cases even fall off …

 
Free quotes from local Masonry/Concrete Contractors. Top 10 Best Concrete Repair in Austin, TX - March 2024 - Yelp - Ace Contractors, Dave's Concrete Construction, Oliver Aguirre Concrete Repair, LevelSmart Foundation Repair, Garcia Masonry Works, Andys Concrete Floors, Austin Concrete Construction, S.O.S. Masonry And Landscaping, …. Samsung galaxy book 3 pro 360

Jan 30, 2021 · Concrete spalling refers to cracking, flaking, peeling and chipping on concrete surfaces, which starts to peel and pop out, and in excessive cases, resulting in exposed steel reinforcement. Concrete spalling can effect a variety of structures such as bridges, car parks, colleges and hospitals. This can cause problems with the durability of ... Deterioration may be caused by corro- sion of embedded reinforcement resulting in delamination and spalling. Other common causes include freezing-and ...They help to repair concrete defects, improve appearance, restore structural integrity, increase durability and extend the structure’s longevity. Sika concrete …Concrete spalling is a common issue that can occur when water seeps into the concrete and causes the surface to flake and chip away. If not addressed, this problem can quickly worsen and lead to significant damage to the concrete. ... The Process Of Repairing Spalling Can Be Time-Consuming And Costly. While there …Concrete spalling repair involves identifying the extent of the damage, assessing the underlying causes, and selecting the appropriate repair … Concrete Wall Spalling Repair. If you have spalling in a basement wall or other vertical concrete surface, the fix can be a little involved. To fix a concrete wall that is spalling, you first need to cut into the concrete around the spalled area. Make the cut about three-eighths of an inch deep with a circular saw. Concrete spalling can be caused by subpar-quality concrete, poor finishing techniques, deterioration from deicing salts, and corrosion from exposed rebar, but the most common cause we see here at A-1 Concrete is surface spalling due to freeze-thaw cycles. Read more about the causes of surface spalling. Concrete is porous, which allows it to ...May 25, 2022 · by Prasad ·. Share. Spalling of concrete is one of the major issues that affect the durability of reinforced concrete structures. It causes due to many reasons that we discuss in the latter part of this article. Normally, the spalling occurs in old structures. It starts when the age of the structure is between 10 -20 years generally. Jan 22, 2024 · Tom Silva replies: Spalling, the pits that form in concrete, happen when too much water is used in a concrete mix, weakening it. In the past, when a concrete patio or driveway started to show serious signs of aging, using a jackhammer or bringing in a bulldozer were the only repair options. Today there are more practical alternatives. A bad concrete mix; If your concrete is spalling, these are the repair options: Patch the spalled area with a color matching compound; Have your …Vertical and Overhead Spall Repair by Hand Application (RAP 6) (1.0 hr) Spall Repair of Horizontal Concrete Structures (RAP 7) (1.0 hr) Installation of Embedded Galvanic Anodes (RAP 8) (1.0 hr) Spall Repair by the Preplaced Aggregate Method (RAP 9) (1.0 hr) Leveling and Reprofiling of Vertical and Overhead Surfaces (RAP 10) (1.0 hr)PVC waterproofing membrane is a single-ply membrane roof system that is factory fabricated and installed in the field as a single layer.Jan 6, 2021 · During firefighting operations, the water poured on the heated concrete surface causes the spalling also. The cold water being poured can break the materials like sand and gravel. It will cause the concrete to crumble. 5. High temperatures. When the temperature tends to get higher, spalling is expected. Nov 26, 2022 · Spalled concrete that flakes off in thin horizontal pieces should be patched immediately. Much like peeling paint, spalling concrete tends to introduce moisture and lead to more spalling. A concrete resurfacer that pours on and spreads out with a squeegee, trowel, or broom is the best way to repair these large, shallow areas. Mar 2, 2022 · The Concrete Spalling Repair is a process of repairing concrete that has been damaged by spalling. This can be done by either repairing the existing concrete or by replacing it with new concrete. Concrete spalling is the separation of the concrete surface from the reinforcing steel layers. Concrete spalling affects a wide range of structures ... Cut a 3/8-in. to ½-in. deep “shoulder” around the edge of the spalled area with a saw and masonry blade. Move the saw slowly as you cut. Make sure you cut back into solid concrete to ensure a strong bonding surface. “Spalling” is the mason’s term for concrete that’s pitted or chipped, as in Photo 1.ARDEX BR 345 is a MICROTEC® Fibre-Reinforced, High Resistivity, Polymer-Modified, Structural Concrete Patching and Repair Mortar designed for reinstating concrete structures damaged through concrete spalling and other chemical or mechanical causes. ARDEX BR 345 is a high build patching mortar and is … Spalling Concrete Repair. Once spalling has started, there are many different methods of repair. Concrete repair products can be applied to the surface, filling in cracks and pores to prevent water infiltration. If pitting or flaking is severe, you may need to use a concrete patching compound or mortar mix for deeper repairs. Compatible Concrete Repair have been helping the Newcastle & Hunter Region commercial and industrial sectors for over 25 years, assisting engineers, builders, project managers, and the mining sector with attainable solutions to difficult problems. ... Our expertise lies in concrete spalling (cancer) repairs, epoxy flooring and injection into ...January 30, 2024. Concrete Repair. How to Fix Concrete Spalling: Easy Repair Guide for Durable Surfaces. Concrete spalling is an all-too-common issue that …The main reason for the concrete to spall like this is yet to be fully determined but considering the temperature gradient between the surface of concrete samples and its inner, cooler regions, this form of spalling may be a direct result of the thermo-mechanical stresses induced by temperature variance at the surface of the sample and the ...Jan 29, 2024 · Below are a few of the methods a foundation repair and maintenance company can use to fix spalling: Concrete overlays: A repair team can pour a thin layer of concrete directly onto the spalling foundation to improve its appearance. This cosmetic fix will begin to chip away within a few months, but it is useful until a complete fix can be completed. One of our specialties is concrete spalling repair. If the spalling is severe, we can perform a complete replacement. In this case, we use Galvashield XP2 ...Leisuretex stands out from the rest because our building repairs in Brisbane prioritise preparation and planning before taking on any project. We will examine the source of the problem and then devise a comprehensive plan to treat cracks and spalling on your building. Our team have the knowledge and experience in concrete repairs, quality ...Concrete Spalling Repair. To repair concrete spalling, you must have reliable chipping or grinding tools. You will need to chip or grind the weak concrete that has surfaced, but you don’t want to over -or-under-grind and cause further damage. After grinding away the weak concrete, clean the area thoroughly.Ceiling Repairs Cost $300 to $1,200. Repairs cost about $300 for spalling concrete in an area the size of a cellphone, to $1,200 for the entire ceiling of an HDB toilet, said Mr Ravits Goh, managing director at A & R Construction and …Concrete Spalling Repair. To repair concrete spalling, you must have reliable chipping or grinding tools. You will need to chip or grind the weak concrete that has surfaced, but you don’t want to over -or-under-grind and cause further damage. After grinding away the weak concrete, clean the area thoroughly.There are certain signs that tell you a building has spalling concrete or what others call concrete cancer. These are the most common signs you can see: – There are slight rust stains found on the surface. – This is one of the first few signs that you may notice. – The surface of the concrete is rough and flaky. It may also be pitted.Repair Spalling less than 75 mm (3 inches) from the crack face can generally be repaired with a partial-depth patch . Spalling greater than about 75 mm (3 inches) from the crack face may indicated possible spalling at the joint bottom and should be repaired with a full-depth patch . Here are some of the common causes of concrete spalling: 1. Freeze-thaw cycles. Because concrete is porous, it can easily absorb water. This becomes a problem when that water gets absorbed, freezes, then expands, causing the pores of the concrete to pop. When this happens, it causes the surface of the concrete to deteriorate and spall. How to repair concrete spalling? September. My pool coping ledge is suffering from some concrete cancer - the rebar has rust on it and has caused the. concrete to …If the different layers become warm, wet the surface with cold water. Mixing: A 25 kg bag of Maxrest is mixed with between 3,5 to 4,0 litres of clean water, ...Once relegated to the driveway or exterior walls, concrete is gaining popularity all over the house, from the front steps to the bathtub. It’s durable, easy to maintain and looks a...Jan 17, 2024. What Is Concrete Spalling? Concrete spalling is a form of concrete deterioration where the surface layers of the concrete start to break away or flake …To fix the spalled areas, I use a product called Quik Fix. It's a 2 part, fast-setting, hybrid urethane concrete repair patching material. To see how we use Quik Fix to repair spalled concrete, watch this video of us applying an epoxy flake coating to a very badly damaged garage floor. What's the difference between concrete …The Code of Practice for the Mandatory Building Inspection Scheme and the Mandatory Window Inspection Scheme 2012 (CoP) issued by the BD stipulates in details the required scope, methods and standards on inspection, the categories of building damages and the required repair, etc. Defective Drainage System. Dilapidation at the external wall.Chapter 6 Structure Concrete Repair and Rehabilitation & 21&5(7(7 (&+12/2*< 0 $18$/ -81( 6 S TRUCTURE C ONCRETE R EPAIR AND R EHABILITATION Concrete that has been properly manufactured, placed, and cured should last for an indefinite amount of time as evidenced by structures that are still in service past their 50-year design life.Subscribe to Email ... ...2.1. Definition and types of spalling. As the most typical form, spalling is defined as the violent or nonviolent breaking off of layers or pieces of concrete from the surface of a structural element when exposed to high and rapidly rising temperature under fire conditions [].Gary [] suggested that spalling could be grouped into four categories: (a) aggregate …Spalling repairs the causes, identification and how it is repaired. Dafco, Spalling Repair Experts. Identification of Spalling. Spalling (Concrete Cancer) is most often identified by signs such as flaking (concrete spalling), rust stains that leach from the concrete, bulging of the concrete or in some cases even fall off …After a further 24 months delay the work commenced in 2012. The spalling was moving into its final stage and the building was close to being unliveable. The final cost to the repair was $2,150,000.00. The cost of repairing concrete spalling might be high, but the cost of doing nothing is much higher. Repairing Process of Spalling of Concrete. Repair of concrete spalling vary based on severity of the damage, type and location of concrete structure. It should be performed based on recommendations of applicable codes such as ACI Code and BS EN 1504. 1. Clean Spalled Concrete Area. ARDEX BR 345 is a MICROTEC® Fibre-Reinforced, High Resistivity, Polymer-Modified, Structural Concrete Patching and Repair Mortar designed for reinstating concrete structures damaged through concrete spalling and other chemical or mechanical causes. ARDEX BR 345 is a high build patching mortar and is capable of being applied up to a thickness ... QUIKRETE® Concrete Resurfacer provides an economical alternative to removing and replacing existing old, spalled concrete. QUIKRETE® Concrete Resurfacer is a special blend of Portland cement, sand, polymer modifiers and other additives designed to provide a shrinkage compensated repair material for making thin repairs to sound concrete which is in need of surface renewal. There are certain signs that tell you a building has spalling concrete or what others call concrete cancer. These are the most common signs you can see: – There are slight rust stains found on the surface. – This is one of the first few signs that you may notice. – The surface of the concrete is rough and flaky. It may also be pitted.Jan 11, 2024 · Common types of Building Defects. 1. Non-structural cracks. Hair-line cracks. Cracks that stretch to many directions. Cracks that appear between non-structural walls and structural members. 2. Spalling of concrete. Stains of water or rust are found on the surface or there is seepage of water. The basic steps to repair spalled concrete are: Remove the loose and damaged concrete. Clean the concrete by pressure washing or grinding it. Patch the deep areas (1/8" or more) with the resurfacing material first and let dry. Smooth the patched area by grinding or using a rubbing stone. Spalling Concrete Repair ... Epoxy Design Systems proudly offers spalling concrete repair and restoration services to the United States and international clients ...Fixing Spalling Concrete. There are several ways to fix spalling concrete. First, determine how severe the problem is. If the spalls penetrate less than one-third of the depth of the concrete, a patch or repair can correct the issues. If deeper spalls or pits are present, however, it may be best to completely remove the concrete and pour a new ...Armor Coatings is here for you, whether you need coatings for residential, commercial, or industrial projects. Get a free quote at (715)-934-9037 or get a quote online at www.armorcoatingco.com. If you are looking to repair spalled concrete in Duluth, MN then look no further than Armor Concrete Coatings. Call (715) 934-9037 today!handbook for airfield concrete pavement repair for all U.S. Navy, Army, and Air Force facilities; however, the tech-niques for repair can be used for other concrete pave-ments as well. References are provided for additional information on pavement repair practices not addressed in this manual. Tables 1.1, 1.2, and 1.3 list applicableThere are two types of concrete spalling we see: · The iron or steel is oxidizing, causing the rebar to rust as it makes contact with moisture. Iron combines ...ACI and the International Concrete Repair Institute (ICRI) have now published the Guide to the Code for Evaluation, Repair, ... Concrete spalling has occurred on a column. The concrete removal during repair may result in redistribution of internal forces that are locked-in. The strength of such columns must be considered in accordance with ...We're a licensed and insured concrete repair and restoration contractor in West Palm Beach FL. We offer free quotes on all services. Call us today! (561) 867-7597. GET A FREE QUOTE. Home; ... Hiring our professional …ARDEX BR 345 is a MICROTEC® Fibre-Reinforced, High Resistivity, Polymer-Modified, Structural Concrete Patching and Repair Mortar designed for reinstating concrete structures damaged through concrete spalling and other chemical or mechanical causes. ARDEX BR 345 is a high build patching mortar and is …Repairing Process of Spalling of Concrete. Repair of concrete spalling vary based on severity of the damage, type and location …They help to repair concrete defects, improve appearance, restore structural integrity, increase durability and extend the structure’s longevity. Sika concrete repair mortars are suitable for restoration work, repair of spalling and damaged concrete in all types of structures including buildings, bridges, infrastructure and super-structures.Repairing of Spalling of Concrete. The repair procedure of concrete spalling differs depending on the concrete structure’s damage intensity, type, and location. It must be according to relevant codes such as ACI Code and BS EN 1504. Cleaning of Spalled Concrete Area.The best paint for a masonry, concrete or cinder block basement is a waterproof coating that is formulated for residential use on interior masonry or concrete. Before applying any ... Repair floors, docks, sidewalks, driveways, stairs, parking decks, and more. ABOCRETE is perfect for fixing pitted, spalled, worn, or cracked concrete and is ideal for salt damage repairs. It makes a great slip-resistant floor and deck coating by broadcasting sand over the wet ABOCRETE. Chapter 6 Structure Concrete Repair and Rehabilitation & 21&5(7(7 (&+12/2*< 0 $18$/ -81( 6 S TRUCTURE C ONCRETE R EPAIR AND R EHABILITATION Concrete that has been properly manufactured, placed, and cured should last for an indefinite amount of time as evidenced by structures that are still in service past their 50-year design life.Spalling concrete. Spalling concrete causes mostly cosmetic harm at first. The rebar is showing and at first maybe only small concrete pieces are falling off. After some years, the surface might be attached to the concrete by mostly goodwill and if it’s located high above the ground, some spalling concrete repair should take …Jan 17, 2024. What Is Concrete Spalling? Concrete spalling is a form of concrete deterioration where the surface layers of the concrete start to break away or flake …Concrete repair restores the function and longevity of your concrete surface. SUNDEK of San Antonio specializes in fixing cracks, spalling and other concrete damage to bring life back to your space. Call: 210-491-0280Here are some of the common causes of concrete spalling: 1. Freeze-thaw cycles. Because concrete is porous, it can easily absorb water. This becomes a problem when that water gets absorbed, freezes, then expands, causing the pores of the concrete to pop. When this happens, it causes the surface of the concrete to deteriorate and spall. Step 1: You may engage any of the following contractors to repair spalling concrete in your flat. Company Name. Telephone number. Preferred Areas for Work. CBM Pte Ltd. 6571 8193. Bishan, Bukit Merah, Kallang/Whampoa, Queensway, Toa Payoh. Chiong Construction Pte Ltd. 6557 1073. Repairing of Spalling of Concrete. The repair procedure of concrete spalling differs depending on the concrete structure’s damage intensity, type, and location. It must be according to relevant codes such as ACI Code and BS EN 1504. Cleaning of Spalled Concrete Area.Jan 17, 2024. What Is Concrete Spalling? Concrete spalling is a form of concrete deterioration where the surface layers of the concrete start to break away or flake …QUIKRETE® Concrete Resurfacer provides an economical alternative to removing and replacing existing old, spalled concrete. QUIKRETE® Concrete Resurfacer is a special blend of Portland cement, sand, polymer modifiers and other additives designed to provide a shrinkage compensated repair material for making thin …How to Repair concrete spalling? When concrete spalling occurs, timely repairs are required to restore the structural integrity and aesthetics of the affected surfaces. Repair methods may vary depending on the amount of damage. Some common repair techniques include: Surface Patching. For minor spalling, surface patching is often …Repairing of Spalling of Concrete. The repair procedure of concrete spalling differs depending on the concrete structure’s damage intensity, type, and location. It must be according to relevant codes such as ACI Code and BS EN 1504. Cleaning of Spalled Concrete Area.Free quotes from local Masonry/Concrete Contractors. Top 10 Best Concrete Repair in Austin, TX - March 2024 - Yelp - Ace Contractors, Dave's Concrete Construction, Oliver Aguirre Concrete Repair, LevelSmart Foundation Repair, Garcia Masonry Works, Andys Concrete Floors, Austin Concrete Construction, S.O.S. Masonry And Landscaping, …Jan 17, 2024 · Discover the ins & outs of concrete spalling, including key preventive measures to maintain structural integrity & extend the lifespan of your structures. Concrete Spalling: Causes, Prevention & Repair What's the right concrete repair product for roads or concrete floors that requires immediate return to service after a few hours?The process of repairing co...How can you repair concrete spalling? When the spalling damage is less than 1/3 of the concrete’s thickness, a surface repair is typically possible. Steel bars may …Vertical and Overhead Spall Repair by Hand Application (RAP 6) (1.0 hr) Spall Repair of Horizontal Concrete Structures (RAP 7) (1.0 hr) Installation of Embedded Galvanic Anodes (RAP 8) (1.0 hr) Spall Repair by the Preplaced Aggregate Method (RAP 9) (1.0 hr) Leveling and Reprofiling of Vertical and Overhead Surfaces (RAP 10) (1.0 hr)BEST FOR FLOORS: Henry, W.W. Co. 12064 Gallon Pre-Mixed Floor Patch. BEST FOR WALLS: Rust-Oleum 301012 Wall-Surface-Repair. BEST ACRYLIC: SIKA – 472189 Sikacryl Ready-Mix Concrete Patch. BEST ...If structural cracks are located, the contractor may recommend replacement. Cracked concrete is the most common issue for homeowners. Repair Spalled Concrete Driveway. Concrete resurfacing resolves spalling issues and costs an average of $2.50 to $4 per square foot, with a range of $1,400 to $2,300 for a 24' x 24' driveway. Spalling occurs …If structural cracks are located, the contractor may recommend replacement. Cracked concrete is the most common issue for homeowners. Repair Spalled Concrete Driveway. Concrete resurfacing resolves spalling issues and costs an average of $2.50 to $4 per square foot, with a range of $1,400 to $2,300 for a 24' x 24' driveway. Spalling occurs …Mar 2, 2022 · The Concrete Spalling Repair is a process of repairing concrete that has been damaged by spalling. This can be done by either repairing the existing concrete or by replacing it with new concrete. Concrete spalling is the separation of the concrete surface from the reinforcing steel layers. Concrete spalling affects a wide range of structures ... prevent concrete spalling. 1. Specify a minimum concrete cover according to the exposure classification of the structure as per Australian Standard AS3600iv. 2. Arrange adequate site supervision to ensure that specified concrete coverage is achieved or exceeded. 3. Ensure that good concrete curing techniques are …When it comes to spalling concrete repair, we bring the same attention to detail and high standards to the table to provide exemplary repair work. We will ...Concrete spalling repair involves identifying the extent of the damage, assessing the underlying causes, and selecting the appropriate repair …Precast concrete steps cost approximately $108 to $420, as of 2014. The cost varies depending on the size of the steps and other factors such as their manufacturer and where they a...

Is your concrete damaged due to spalling, scaling, cracking, deicing agents or a pour finish? SureCrete has a complete system that is user friendly and a "GR.... Hip to hip tattoo

concrete spalling repair

BEST FOR FLOORS: Henry, W.W. Co. 12064 Gallon Pre-Mixed Floor Patch. BEST FOR WALLS: Rust-Oleum 301012 Wall-Surface-Repair. BEST ACRYLIC: SIKA – 472189 Sikacryl Ready-Mix Concrete Patch. BEST ...Aug 31, 2017 · A professional can analyze the extent of the damages and provide you with an estimated timeline for repairs. Bro’s Concrete is your preferred specialist in concrete repair Venice, FL. UpKeepers. 3 reviews. Contractors. +12392062595. 9074 Limestone Ln, Naples, FL 34120. Yvon CGC Inc. 2 reviews. We can attest to this because the owner of Fusion-Crete of U.S., Chris Koebnick, has been restoring concrete with it since 1990, and our service company, Crossroads Concrete Resurfacing, has a history of over two decades of successful concrete repair and restoration. We are proud to say that Fusion-Crete of U.S. is the only authorized ...Ryan’s Concrete Repairs are highly experienced Brisbane based contractors that specialise in repairing deteriorating concrete and brick. With over 20 years of experience in structural repair sector, we offer a range of repair services to meet client’s needs throughout south east Queensland. Our business operates over a …All About Concrete Spalling. Concrete is a versatile material in construction. This common material is utilized for walls, floors, foundations, piers, steps, balconies, roofs, and many other similar structural building components. Concrete requires reinforcement to properly perform in a structural capacity.Spalling involves the breaking off of layers or pieces of concrete from the surface during thermal exposure. Spalling can broadly be classified into 3 different types: aggregate spalling, corner spalling (or sloughing off) and explosive spalling. Aggregate spalling is caused by aggregate failure close to the surface and involves small pieces ... The basic steps to repair spalled concrete are: Remove the loose and damaged concrete. Clean the concrete by pressure washing or grinding it. Patch the deep areas (1/8" or more) with the resurfacing material first and let dry. Smooth the patched area by grinding or using a rubbing stone. Is your concrete damaged due to spalling, scaling, cracking, deicing agents or a pour finish? SureCrete has a complete system that is user friendly and a "GR...Spall Repair of Horizontal Concrete Surfaces. Horizontal surface repair is common on slabs either elevated or on grade. Deterioration may be caused by corrosion of embedded reinforcement resulting in delamination and spalling. Other common causes include freezing-and-thawing. deterioration and chemical attack.How to repair concrete spalling? September. My pool coping ledge is suffering from some concrete cancer - the rebar has rust on it and has caused the. concrete to …Repairing concrete spalling can be as simple as fixing the underlying problem, removing damaged material from the surface, and re-pouring a portion of the slab. Spalling in Foundations. Spalling in foundations is often more severe than on a driveway or patio because your home relies on the concrete foundation for structural integrity and a ...Screw together two pieces of wood, such as 1- x 2-inch boards, into an L shape. Place the form against the chipped corner, flush with the top of the step. Secure the form with duct tape. Brace with pavers or bricks if needed. Tip: Coat the inside of the form with cooking oil so it doesn’t stick to the cement patch. 3. Experts in Concrete Cancer Remediation Concrete Spalling Solutions Remediating concrete cancer or cracks requires a meticulous approach that addresses the root cause before repairing the concrete. Our specialization lies in comprehensive concrete repair, starting with cause identification, resolution, and culminating in the restoration of the ... Not allowing the concrete to cure before putting it under load can also cause spalling or cracks to occur. If you are repairing concrete you are also required ...Jan 17, 2024. What Is Concrete Spalling? Concrete spalling is a form of concrete deterioration where the surface layers of the concrete start to break away or flake …25 Oct 2022 ... Regardless of the reason, concrete replacement is the only way to truly eliminate surface spalling, but because of the risks involved, cleaning ...Concrete repair restores the function and longevity of your concrete surface. SUNDEK of San Antonio specializes in fixing cracks, spalling and other concrete damage to bring life back to your space. Call: 210-491-0280 Spalling Concrete Repair. Once spalling has started, there are many different methods of repair. Concrete repair products can be applied to the surface, filling in cracks and pores to prevent water infiltration. If pitting or flaking is severe, you may need to use a concrete patching compound or mortar mix for deeper repairs. 2 Feb 2024 ... Approximate Cost of Spalling Concrete Repair · Surface Patching: $2 to $6 per square foot · Resurfacing: $3 to $10 per square foot · Full ....Subscribe to Email ... ....

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